Transit terms, explained plainly

A federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in areas such as employment, public services, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications.

Buses powered by fuels or propulsion systems other than conventional diesel or gasoline. Examples include compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, propane, alcohol-based fuels, hybrid-electric systems, and battery-electric buses.

A vehicle block scheduled to operate only during the morning peak period.

A federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in areas such as employment, public services, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications.

A federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in areas such as employment, public services, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications.

A system that tracks the number of passengers boarding and alighting at each stop, while also recording the time, location, and direction of travel. It typically uses infrared beams or cameras to count passengers. Stop locations are determined using data from Global Positioning Systems (GPS), signpost emitters, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, odometer readings, and inertial navigation. The collected data is compiled and processed by an on-board computer or a central system to generate meaningful information.

A major roadway designed to move through traffic across a corridor, generally with higher capacity and continuity than local streets.

A high-capacity bus with two body sections connected by a flexible joint, allowing the vehicle to bend through turns while keeping a continuous passenger area.

A bus operator's scheduled weekly work assignment, typically chosen during the rostering process, whether cafeteria-style, where operators select their own shifts, or agency-developed, where pre-packaged weekly schedules are provided. The operator follows this same assignment each week until new rosters are created. This is also referred to as a bid sheet.

A system that tracks the number of passengers boarding and alighting at each stop, while also recording the time, location, and direction of travel. It typically uses infrared beams or cameras to count passengers. Stop locations are determined using data from Global Positioning Systems (GPS), signpost emitters, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, odometer readings, and inertial navigation. The collected data is compiled and processed by an on-board computer or a central system to generate meaningful information.

A system that tracks the number of passengers boarding and alighting at each stop, while also recording the time, location, and direction of travel. It typically uses infrared beams or cameras to count passengers. Stop locations are determined using data from Global Positioning Systems (GPS), signpost emitters, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, odometer readings, and inertial navigation. The collected data is compiled and processed by an on-board computer or a central system to generate meaningful information.

A vehicle tracking system that monitors and reports the real-time position of each vehicle using Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Loran-C, or signpost transmitters combined with vehicle odometers. This information is relayed to a central dispatch or radio communications center and is often integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping. Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems assist transit dispatchers and provide real-time updates to travelers. Additionally, AVL data can be used for analyzing running time and on-time performance if combined with an archival reporting system.

A vehicle tracking system that monitors and reports the real-time position of each vehicle using Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Loran-C, or signpost transmitters combined with vehicle odometers. This information is relayed to a central dispatch or radio communications center and is often integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping. Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems assist transit dispatchers and provide real-time updates to travelers. Additionally, AVL data can be used for analyzing running time and on-time performance if combined with an archival reporting system.

A representative weekday measure based on typical operating days, excluding unusual conditions such as major events, severe weather, or other anomalies. Average Saturday and average Sunday are calculated the same way for those service days.

A vehicle tracking system that monitors and reports the real-time position of each vehicle using Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Loran-C, or signpost transmitters combined with vehicle odometers. This information is relayed to a central dispatch or radio communications center and is often integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping. Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems assist transit dispatchers and provide real-time updates to travelers. Additionally, AVL data can be used for analyzing running time and on-time performance if combined with an archival reporting system.

A rail scheduling practice used to space trains on shared track segments and avoid conflicts or trains operating too closely together. When spacing is even, it is similar to intertiming in bus scheduling.

A facility where revenue vehicles are stored, maintained, and serviced, and where operators report for their assignments. Vehicles are dispatched and recovered here for scheduled service. This facility is also known as a barn, base, depot, district, division, station, or yard.

A facility where revenue vehicles are stored, maintained, and serviced, and where operators report for their assignments. Vehicles are dispatched and recovered here for scheduled service. This facility is also known as a barn, base, depot, district, division, station, or yard.

A vehicle block that remains in service across the morning peak, midday, afternoon peak, and sometimes evening periods. Straight runs are often built from base blocks.

The standard price for one adult transit ride before transfers, zones, express surcharges, peak surcharges, or reduced-fare discounts are applied.

The time between the morning and afternoon peak periods when transit service typically operates at regular intervals. This period is often referred to as the off-peak or midday period and generally sees lower ridership. It usually spans from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM, and in some cases, weekend service is also considered part of the base period.

The number of vehicles needed to operate a route at its scheduled base-period headway. It is commonly estimated by dividing base-period cycle time by base-period headway.

The number of vehicles needed to operate a route at its scheduled base-period headway. It is commonly estimated by dividing base-period cycle time by base-period headway.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

A bus operator's scheduled weekly work assignment, typically chosen during the rostering process, whether cafeteria-style, where operators select their own shifts, or agency-developed, where pre-packaged weekly schedules are provided. The operator follows this same assignment each week until new rosters are created. This is also referred to as a bid sheet.

A vehicle assignment made up of the trips a bus or train operates from pull-out through pull-in, including non-revenue and revenue movement.

A visual scheduling chart showing the blocks assigned to a garage or division, including start times, end times, and often terminal or relief opportunities used during runcutting.

The process of linking scheduled trips together into a vehicle assignment, or block.

A schedule document that lists each block and the trips, times, and related details contained within that block.

A unique identifier assigned to a vehicle block so it can be tracked through scheduling, dispatch, and operations.

A post-blocking review process where schedulers adjust block starts, ends, or trip connections to improve efficiency and create better runcutting options.

A summary table that reports key vehicle statistics by block, such as platform hours, mileage, and other scheduled service measures.

A roster of bus operators assigned to cover vacant runs and other work on a daily or weekly basis. Operators on the extra board may choose assignments during a sign-up period or be assigned as needed if no regular runs are available. This group is also referred to as the board, x-board, extra list, or, if an operator covers a run for an extended period due to a long-term absence, it may lead to a holddown.

The act of entering a public transit vehicle, which commences when passengers step aboard and concludes once they are seated and the doors are closed. Each entry is counted individually, regardless of transfers from other vehicles. This term applies across multiple transportation modes, including road, rail, water, and air.

The total number of passengers who board public transit vehicles, counted each time a passenger boards a revenue vehicle, even if it is the result of a transfer from another route to complete the same one-way journey. This measure, which is often used interchangeably with ridership, reflects the number of rides taken by people using a public transportation system within a given time period. It is also known as passengers, passenger trips, and boardings.

Paid allowance added to a run or assignment to meet a minimum pay guarantee or labor-agreement requirement when the scheduled work time is short of that threshold.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

Paid allowance added to bring a run or assignment up to a required minimum guarantee, even when that added time is not tied to additional platform work.

A segment of a route that diverges from the main route or trunk line. Branches typically serve specific areas or neighborhoods and generally have less frequent service compared to the main trunk. A route may include one or more branches extending from its primary path. It is also known as a leg.

Bus service designed to provide faster, higher-quality service than a conventional local bus route through features such as dedicated lanes, transit signal priority, branded stations, wider stop spacing, off-board fare collection, and higher-capacity vehicles.

A condition where vehicles traveling in the same direction on a route converge due to delays or traffic congestion. This issue often persists without intervention from supervision. Also known as queueing.

The total hours of travel by a vehicle, including both revenue service and non-revenue travel. Also known as bus hours for buses and passenger car hours for rail.

The total distance traveled by a vehicle, including both revenue service and non-revenue travel. Also known as bus miles for buses and passenger car miles for rail.

Bus service designed to provide faster, higher-quality service than a conventional local bus route through features such as dedicated lanes, transit signal priority, branded stations, wider stop spacing, off-board fare collection, and higher-capacity vehicles.

The calendar year spans from January 1 through December 31.

A cost for acquiring or improving long-lived assets such as vehicles, facilities, land, equipment, or major systems.

The use of an automobile to move one or more operators between a garage and relief location, or between relief locations.

The area of a city characterized by high land value, dense traffic, and a concentration of retail businesses, offices, theaters, hotels, and services. It is traditionally the employment and commercial hub of a city.

The area of a city characterized by high land value, dense traffic, and a concentration of retail businesses, offices, theaters, hotels, and services. It is traditionally the employment and commercial hub of a city.

The area of a city characterized by high land value, dense traffic, and a concentration of retail businesses, offices, theaters, hotels, and services. It is traditionally the employment and commercial hub of a city.

Paid time at the end of an operator assignment for turning in fare media, transfers, reports, supplies, or other required materials.

A short transit route, often with frequent service, that connects activity centers within a defined area such as a downtown, campus, district, or neighborhood.

Paid time at the end of an operator assignment for completing closeout tasks such as returning fare media, transfers, reports, or supplies.

A service condition where a vehicle travels over a segment without picking up or dropping off passengers. It may be scheduled for express movement or used by supervision to manage service spacing.

A service condition where a vehicle travels over a segment without picking up or dropping off passengers. It may be scheduled for express movement or used by supervision to manage service spacing.

A thorough evaluation of a transit system that leads to recommendations for changes in routes, additions or deletions of services, and overall improvements to enhance service efficiency and effectiveness.

A vehicle assignment made up of the trips a bus or train operates from pull-out through pull-in, including non-revenue and revenue movement.

Penalty payments, premiums, and other pay provisions that may be added so a run complies with the labor agreement.

The time during the day when transit ridership is highest, typically occurring in the morning and afternoon. These periods are known as the AM peak period and PM peak period, respectively. Transit agencies provide the greatest level of service during these times to accommodate increased demand. The peak period is also referred to as commission hour or peak hour when specifically referring to the busiest hour within this timeframe.

A thorough evaluation of a transit system that leads to recommendations for changes in routes, additions or deletions of services, and overall improvements to enhance service efficiency and effectiveness.

The set of rail cars operating together as one train.

A primary travel path that encompasses the route itself and the surrounding area. It typically refers to a major route for transportation that includes adjacent land or zones.

The sequence of trips assigned to a train crew from pull-out to pull-in. It may differ from the train block when drop-back crew scheduling is used.

A bus route that provides non-radial service, typically bypassing the central business district. It connects major radial routes and activity centers, often running from one side of the city to the other without entering the CBD.

The maximum capacity of passengers that a vehicle can carry, where all available space is occupied, including standing areas. At crush load, passengers are tightly packed, often beyond the vehicle's intended comfortable capacity, making movement within the vehicle difficult. This situation usually occurs during peak travel times.

The total duration required for a vehicle to travel from the start point to the end point and back, including the time allocated for breaks or recovery at the terminal. This period is often referred to as round-trip cycle time or round-trip time.

The measurement of the time elapsed while a transit vehicle is moving without passengers onboard, typically for traveling to or from the garage or between different routes during the operator's shift. It is also known as closed door service.

The measurement of a transit vehicle's movement without passengers onboard, typically for traveling to or from the garage or between different routes during the operator's shift. It is also known as closed door service.

Non-revenue time when a vehicle is moving without being available to carry riders, such as travel to or from the garage or between route assignments.

The amount by which operating expenses exceed operating income or operating revenue.

A place that attracts substantial travel demand, such as a hospital, school, employment center, park-and-ride lot, shopping district, or central business district.

Transit service that operates in response to ride requests or reservations rather than strictly following fixed routes and fixed schedules. It often uses smaller vehicles and may serve older adults, riders with disabilities, or the general public depending on the program.

Transit service that operates in response to ride requests or reservations rather than strictly following fixed routes and fixed schedules. It often uses smaller vehicles and may serve older adults, riders with disabilities, or the general public depending on the program.

A type of transit service where passengers request rides by contacting the operator, who dispatches a vehicle to pick them up and transport them to their destinations. This service generally does not adhere to fixed routes or schedules, except for temporary needs. Vehicles may pick up several passengers at different locations and adjust their routes during a trip to include additional pickups. This service is also known as dial-a-ride.

A government agency responsible for transportation planning, policy, funding, regulation, infrastructure, or operations at the federal, state, regional, or local level.

A government agency responsible for transportation planning, policy, funding, regulation, infrastructure, or operations at the federal, state, regional, or local level.

A facility where revenue vehicles are stored, maintained, and serviced, and where operators report for their assignments. Vehicles are dispatched and recovered here for scheduled service. This facility is also known as a barn, base, depot, district, division, station, or yard.

A sign located above the windshield at the front of a transit vehicle displaying the route number, destination, or other relevant information. Also known as a destination sign.

The mileage in each direction that public transportation vehicles travel during revenue service. This measurement is based on the route path over a facility or roadway and is calculated considering the direction of travel. It excludes staging or storage areas at the start or end of the route and does not account for the number of traffic lanes or rail tracks in the right-of-way.

A rider who chooses transit even though another travel option, such as driving, is available.

An operations document listing runs, blocks, or assignments by start time so staff can track operators, vehicles, pull-outs, reliefs, and service coverage throughout the day.

A facility where revenue vehicles are stored, maintained, and serviced, and where operators report for their assignments. Vehicles are dispatched and recovered here for scheduled service. This facility is also known as a barn, base, depot, district, division, station, or yard.

An operating unit, facility, or group of garages that may share management, labor rules, dispatching, maintenance, or service responsibilities.

A government agency responsible for transportation planning, policy, funding, regulation, infrastructure, or operations at the federal, state, regional, or local level.

The scheduling of trips from multiple routes that share a common segment so vehicles are spaced more evenly for riders traveling along that shared portion.

Time when a vehicle is unavailable for service because it is undergoing repair, inspection, or maintenance.

A crew scheduling method where an operator or train crew leaves an arriving vehicle at a terminal, takes layover, and then takes over a following vehicle. It is often used on frequent rail service or during special-event operations.

A sequence of tasks assigned to an operator for a shift, which may include deadheads, trips, and layovers. It can comprise one or multiple pieces. Also known as duty.

The scheduled duration a vehicle or train is allotted to allow passengers to board and alight at a stop, including the time required for opening and closing doors.

The beginning or ending point of a route. Also known as terminus, start of line, or end of line.

Schedule work created for unusual conditions such as detours, construction, major events, holidays, emergency service changes, or other non-routine operations.

A service pattern or route segment with limited or no intermediate passenger stops, typically used to reduce travel time between major points.

A high-speed transit service that operates with limited stops, often connecting residential areas to major activity centers. It typically features a non-stop segment between pick-up and drop-off points. Express routes frequently use freeways or dedicated lanes and may include park-and-ride facilities at the residential end. This service is designed to reduce travel time by bypassing local stops.

A roster of bus operators assigned to cover vacant runs and other work on a daily or weekly basis. Operators on the extra board may choose assignments during a sign-up period or be assigned as needed if no regular runs are available. This group is also referred to as the board, x-board, extra list, or, if an operator covers a run for an extended period due to a long-term absence, it may lead to a holddown.

A roster of bus operators assigned to cover vacant runs and other work on a daily or weekly basis. Operators on the extra board may choose assignments during a sign-up period or be assigned as needed if no regular runs are available. This group is also referred to as the board, x-board, extra list, or, if an operator covers a run for an extended period due to a long-term absence, it may lead to a holddown.

A roster of bus operators assigned to cover vacant runs and other work on a daily or weekly basis. Operators on the extra board may choose assignments during a sign-up period or be assigned as needed if no regular runs are available. This group is also referred to as the board, x-board, extra list, or, if an operator covers a run for an extended period due to a long-term absence, it may lead to a holddown.

A crew scheduling method where an operator or train crew steps off one vehicle at a terminal, takes layover, and resumes service on a later vehicle rather than the same one.

The percentage of operating costs that are covered by passenger fares, determined by dividing farebox revenue by the total operating expenses for each mode or across the entire system.

The total value of cash, tickets, tokens, and pass receipts collected from passengers as payment for rides, excluding charter revenue.

The measure of how changes in fare prices affect ridership levels. It indicates the sensitivity of passenger demand to fare adjustments, with higher elasticity meaning greater impact on ridership from fare changes.

A section of a route or service area within which a rider may travel for a specific fare increment.

The point, often a major intersection or defined location, where one fare zone ends and another begins.

The agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation that administers federal public transportation programs, funding, oversight, and related policy.

The agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation that administers federal public transportation programs, funding, oversight, and related policy.

A transit service that transports passengers from local neighborhoods or areas to main transit routes, such as a major bus line, rail station, transit center, or park and ride facility. Feeder routes can operate as fixed-route services or non-traditional services, such as demand-response or route deviation. They help connect riders to regional transit systems or higher-capacity modes. Feeder routes are also referred to as feeder service.

A transit service that transports passengers from local neighborhoods or areas to main transit routes, such as a major bus line, rail station, transit center, or park and ride facility. Feeder routes can operate as fixed-route services or non-traditional services, such as demand-response or route deviation. They help connect riders to regional transit systems or higher-capacity modes. Feeder routes are also referred to as feeder service.

The fiscal year is a twelve-month accounting period that may differ from the calendar year. It is sometimes used interchangeably with the report year, which is determined by the Federal Transit Administration. The report year sets the due date for each agency's National Transit Database report, which must be submitted four months after the end of the agency's fiscal year.

The location on a route where a vehicle begins revenue service.

A type of transit service where vehicles operate on predetermined routes with established stops and schedules. Passengers can board and alight at specific locations along the route, and service operates according to a set timetable.

The weighted average age of the vehicles in a transit fleet.

The second vehicle in a pair of vehicles operating on the same route in the same direction.

A schedule segment without a fixed intermediate running time, where only the estimated arrival at the end of the segment is specified. It is often used on express portions or in headway-based schedules.

The number of bus trips in the same direction that occur within a specified time period, usually expressed as trips per hour. Frequency can also be described in minutes when referring to the interval between individual trips. It is sometimes used interchangeably with "headway," although headway measures the time between successive vehicles. For example, a frequency of six buses per hour is equivalent to a headway of 10 minutes.

The agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation that administers federal public transportation programs, funding, oversight, and related policy.

An operator eligible for full-time work, usually with a weekly work guarantee and full benefits. Full-time operators may select regular runs, split runs, or extra board assignments depending on agency rules.

A work assignment whose paid or scheduled hours meet or exceed the minimum threshold for a full-time operator.

A vehicle inserted or positioned to fill a service gap, maintain spacing, or cover service when a scheduled trip is missing, delayed, overloaded, or otherwise disrupted.

A facility where revenue vehicles are stored, maintained, and serviced, and where operators report for their assignments. Vehicles are dispatched and recovered here for scheduled service. This facility is also known as a barn, base, depot, district, division, station, or yard.

The recurring process in which operators choose or are assigned work for a new schedule period, usually in seniority order and under labor-agreement rules.

Demand response service available to the general public, not limited only to ADA paratransit, older adults, or riders with disabilities.

A dial-a-ride service available to the general public, where riders request trips in advance and vehicles are dispatched based on those requests.

A standardized format for sharing public transit service details, including schedules, stops, and fares. This format helps transit agencies provide data that can be used by various software applications, such as trip planners, enabling users to access travel information and public transit services through their smartphones and similar devices.

A standardized format for sharing public transit service details, including schedules, stops, and fares. This format helps transit agencies provide data that can be used by various software applications, such as trip planners, enabling users to access travel information and public transit services through their smartphones and similar devices.

A transit vehicle that appears on real-time tracking systems or information boards but fails to arrive as scheduled. This issue often arises due to lost GPS signals, staffing shortages, or mechanical breakdowns. By displaying only vehicles with confirmed signals on real-time boards, transit systems can reduce instances of ghost buses, allowing passengers to make more reliable travel plans and improving overall system accuracy.

A satellite-based navigation system used to determine location, speed, and time. Accuracy can be reduced in tunnels, dense urban areas, terminals, or other environments with limited satellite visibility.

A satellite-based navigation system used to determine location, speed, and time. Accuracy can be reduced in tunnels, dense urban areas, terminals, or other environments with limited satellite visibility.

A satellite-based navigation system used to determine location, speed, and time. Accuracy can be reduced in tunnels, dense urban areas, terminals, or other environments with limited satellite visibility.

A standardized format for sharing public transit service details, including schedules, stops, and fares. This format helps transit agencies provide data that can be used by various software applications, such as trip planners, enabling users to access travel information and public transit services through their smartphones and similar devices.

Paid time added so a run, shift, or assignment reaches a minimum pay guarantee established by policy or labor agreement.

Late-night or overnight transit service, often operating when regular daytime service is reduced or not operating.

A sign located above the windshield at the front of a transit vehicle displaying the route number, destination, or other relevant information. Also known as a destination sign.

The time interval between consecutive vehicles traveling in the same direction on a specific route, usually measured in minutes. This interval helps determine the frequency of service, with shorter headways indicating more frequent service. Headways can be based on demand, such as during peak periods, or set by policy, such as every 30 minutes. Headways can be regular, clock, or ragged, depending on scheduling consistency. In some contexts, "headway" may also refer to a gap or missed vehicle in service.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

High-capacity rail transit operating on exclusive right-of-way, typically powered by a third rail and using level boarding at stations. Heavy rail generally uses longer trains and wider station spacing than light rail.

A temporary assignment in which an operator covers a regular run or position for an extended absence.

The scheduling process of connecting the end of one trip to the start of another trip to form a vehicle block.

A term used when a trip or vehicle is operating early, especially when it departs a time point before the scheduled time.

A designated location where passengers transfer between different routes or vehicles. It is also known as a hub or transit center.

The direction of travel toward a downtown, central business district, major hub, or primary activity center.

The time between pieces of work in a split run, usually measured from the end of one piece to the start of the next.

The practice of using the same transit vehicle and/or operator to serve more than one route without returning to the garage. This method is often implemented at common terminals or where two or more routes share a common endpoint or are in close proximity. Interlining can improve operating efficiency and enhance passenger transfers. By minimizing vehicle requirements and reducing the need for transfers, interlining can enhance overall service performance. It is also referred to as through routes, interlock routes, or interlocking.

The practice of using the same transit vehicle and/or operator to serve more than one route without returning to the garage. This method is often implemented at common terminals or where two or more routes share a common endpoint or are in close proximity. Interlining can improve operating efficiency and enhance passenger transfers. By minimizing vehicle requirements and reducing the need for transfers, interlining can enhance overall service performance. It is also referred to as through routes, interlock routes, or interlocking.

The practice of using the same transit vehicle and/or operator to serve more than one route without returning to the garage. This method is often implemented at common terminals or where two or more routes share a common endpoint or are in close proximity. Interlining can improve operating efficiency and enhance passenger transfers. By minimizing vehicle requirements and reducing the need for transfers, interlining can enhance overall service performance. It is also referred to as through routes, interlock routes, or interlocking.

The scheduling of trips from two or more routes over a shared segment so vehicles are spaced at more even intervals.

The practice of coordinating trips on routes that share a common segment so service on that segment is evenly spaced and more useful to riders.

The time between the end of one work assignment or piece and the start of another, especially when the gap is short and may be treated differently under a labor agreement.

A linked passenger trip refers to a one-way journey from origin to destination on the transit system, including any transfers made. It is counted as a single trip, regardless of the number of vehicles used. Also known as a trip, one-way trip, or journey.

A transit access arrangement where a rider is dropped off or picked up by another person at a stop, station, or transfer point instead of parking.

The scheduled interval at a transit terminal between the arrival of a vehicle at the end of a route and its departure for the next trip. This period, also known as recovery time, allows for delays, operator breaks, and preparation for the return journey. It encompasses both the time allotted for these activities and the specific location designated for the operator to stop between trips to adhere to the schedule. This ensures that vehicles remain on track and provides a buffer for any delays experienced during the previous trip.

The first vehicle in a pair of vehicles operating on the same route in the same direction.

A segment of a route that diverges from the main route or trunk line. Branches typically serve specific areas or neighborhoods and generally have less frequent service compared to the main trunk. A route may include one or more branches extending from its primary path. It is also known as a leg.

Rail transit using electrically powered vehicles, usually supplied by overhead wires, operating on reserved or mixed right-of-way. Light rail generally uses shorter trains and closer station spacing than heavy rail.

A type of transit service that operates on arterial streets and makes stops only at major points along the route. Unlike express service, it does not have a lengthy non-stop segment but still offers higher-speed travel by serving only selected stops.

A defined path that connects two terminal points through a series of streets and turns. It is also known as a line.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

A linked passenger trip refers to a one-way journey from origin to destination on the transit system, including any transfers made. It is counted as a single trip, regardless of the number of vehicles used. Also known as a trip, one-way trip, or journey.

Mileage operated while a vehicle is in passenger service or available to carry riders.

The total number of passengers carried by a vehicle.

The ratio of passengers actually carried to the total passenger capacity of a vehicle.

The maximum passenger load considered acceptable for a route, trip, or period based on safety, comfort, convenience, and cost. It is often stated as a percentage of seated capacity.

Paid allowance used to bring a run, shift, or assignment up to a minimum pay guarantee when scheduled work time is below the required threshold.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

The location or locations along a route where the passenger load is highest. The maximum load point may vary by direction and time of day.

The time between the morning and afternoon peak periods when transit service typically operates at regular intervals. This period is often referred to as the off-peak or midday period and generally sees lower ridership. It usually spans from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM, and in some cases, weekend service is also considered part of the base period.

A scheduled trip that did not operate due to reasons such as operator absence, vehicle failure, dispatch error, traffic, accident, or other unforeseen circumstances.

Service that operates during late night or early morning hours, or throughout the night. It is also known as owl or hawk.

Service that operates during late night or early morning hours, or throughout the night. It is also known as owl or hawk.

A period outside the busiest travel times when demand is lower and less transit service is typically scheduled.

A measure of the punctuality of transit services determined by vehicles arriving or departing early, on time, or late, expressed as a percentage. It provides insight into how well transit services meet their scheduled times, with higher percentages representing better performance.

A linked passenger trip refers to a one-way journey from origin to destination on the transit system, including any transfers made. It is counted as a single trip, regardless of the number of vehicles used. Also known as a trip, one-way trip, or journey.

The operation of a vehicle over a route while being available to the public for transportation. It is also known as open door.

Funding provided to support transit operating costs rather than capital purchases or improvements.

The amount by which operating expenses exceed operating revenues.

The total costs associated with providing transit service, which include salaries, wages, materials, supplies, and equipment. This encompasses expenses for maintaining equipment and buildings, operating vehicles, renting equipment and facilities, and settling claims.

Revenue associated with operating transit service, including fares, advertising, charter revenue, interest, and operating assistance.

The recurring process in which operators choose or are assigned work for a new schedule period, usually in seniority order and under labor-agreement rules.

Late-night or overnight transit service, often operating when regular daytime service is reduced or not operating.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

A transit access mode where individuals drive their private vehicles or use bicycles to reach a designated transit station, stop, or carpool/vanpool waiting area. They then park their vehicles in the provided spaces, such as a park-and-ride lot, park-and-pool lot, commuter parking lot, or bicycle rack or locker. After parking, they board the transit system or join a carpool or vanpool to complete their journey. It is also commonly known as kiss and ride.

A transit access mode where individuals drive their private vehicles or use bicycles to reach a designated transit station, stop, or carpool/vanpool waiting area. They then park their vehicles in the provided spaces, such as a park-and-ride lot, park-and-pool lot, commuter parking lot, or bicycle rack or locker. After parking, they board the transit system or join a carpool or vanpool to complete their journey. It is also commonly known as kiss and ride.

The total hours of travel by a vehicle, including both revenue service and non-revenue travel. Also known as bus hours for buses and passenger car hours for rail.

The total distance traveled by a vehicle, including both revenue service and non-revenue travel. Also known as bus miles for buses and passenger car miles for rail.

An accurate count of passengers arriving at, boarding, alighting, or passing through one or more points on a route. This count can be performed by riding the route or at specific locations. Passenger checks are used for route planning, monitoring, and data collection on passenger usage to determine appropriate headways, evaluate route alignment, meet FTA reporting requirements, and calibrate revenue-based ridership models. Also known as a tally, ride check, or point check.

A measure of service utilization representing the cumulative distance traveled by passengers on transit vehicles. It is calculated by multiplying the number of passengers by the distance traveled. For instance, if ten passengers travel two miles each, it totals twenty passenger miles. This measurement is also known as passenger miles traveled.

A measure of service utilization representing the cumulative distance traveled by passengers on transit vehicles. It is calculated by multiplying the number of passengers by the distance traveled. For instance, if ten passengers travel two miles each, it totals twenty passenger miles. This measurement is also known as passenger miles traveled.

The total number of passengers who board public transit vehicles, counted each time a passenger boards a revenue vehicle, even if it is the result of a transfer from another route to complete the same one-way journey. This measure, which is often used interchangeably with ridership, reflects the number of rides taken by people using a public transportation system within a given time period. It is also known as passengers, passenger trips, and boardings.

The total number of passengers who board public transit vehicles, counted each time a passenger boards a revenue vehicle, even if it is the result of a transfer from another route to complete the same one-way journey. This measure, which is often used interchangeably with ridership, reflects the number of rides taken by people using a public transportation system within a given time period. It is also known as passengers, passenger trips, and boardings.

The ratio of vehicles operated in passenger service during the peak period compared to the number operated during the base period.

The time during the day when transit ridership is highest, typically occurring in the morning and afternoon. These periods are known as the AM peak period and PM peak period, respectively. Transit agencies provide the greatest level of service during these times to accommodate increased demand. The peak period is also referred to as commission hour or peak hour when specifically referring to the busiest hour within this timeframe.

The time during the day when transit ridership is highest, typically occurring in the morning and afternoon. These periods are known as the AM peak period and PM peak period, respectively. Transit agencies provide the greatest level of service during these times to accommodate increased demand. The peak period is also referred to as commission hour or peak hour when specifically referring to the busiest hour within this timeframe.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

An accurate count of passengers arriving at, boarding, alighting, or passing through one or more points on a route. This count can be performed by riding the route or at specific locations. Passenger checks are used for route planning, monitoring, and data collection on passenger usage to determine appropriate headways, evaluate route alignment, meet FTA reporting requirements, and calibrate revenue-based ridership models. Also known as a tally, ride check, or point check.

A scheduled connection that coordinates route arrivals and departures so riders can transfer with minimal waiting.

The non-revenue time allocated for a vehicle's movement from its last scheduled terminus or stop to the garage. This is sometimes referred to as deadhead time, turn-in time, or run-off time.

The location on a route where a vehicle begins revenue service.

The non-revenue time assigned for moving a revenue vehicle from the garage to its first scheduled terminus or stop. This is sometimes referred to as deadhead time or run-on time.

A scheduled connection point where multiple routes meet at about the same time so riders can transfer with minimal waiting.

A condition where vehicles traveling in the same direction on a route converge due to delays or traffic congestion. This issue often persists without intervention from supervision. Also known as queueing.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

The scheduled interval at a transit terminal between the arrival of a vehicle at the end of a route and its departure for the next trip. This period, also known as recovery time, allows for delays, operator breaks, and preparation for the return journey. It encompasses both the time allotted for these activities and the specific location designated for the operator to stop between trips to adhere to the schedule. This ensures that vehicles remain on track and provides a buffer for any delays experienced during the previous trip.

A work assignment whose paid or scheduled hours meet or exceed the minimum threshold for a full-time operator.

Time allowed for an operator to travel between a garage, terminal, or remote relief point as part of a work assignment.

The operation of a vehicle over a route while being available to the public for transportation. It is also known as open door.

An accurate count of passengers arriving at, boarding, alighting, or passing through one or more points on a route. This count can be performed by riding the route or at specific locations. Passenger checks are used for route planning, monitoring, and data collection on passenger usage to determine appropriate headways, evaluate route alignment, meet FTA reporting requirements, and calibrate revenue-based ridership models. Also known as a tally, ride check, or point check.

Ridership is the total count of passengers boarding public transit vehicles, where each boarding is recorded as a separate instance within a specified time period.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

The total duration required for a vehicle to travel from the start point to the end point and back, including the time allocated for breaks or recovery at the terminal. This period is often referred to as round-trip cycle time or round-trip time.

The total duration required for a vehicle to travel from the start point to the end point and back, including the time allocated for breaks or recovery at the terminal. This period is often referred to as round-trip cycle time or round-trip time.

A defined path that connects two terminal points through a series of streets and turns. It is also known as a line.

A sequence of tasks assigned to an operator for a shift, which may include deadheads, trips, and layovers. It can comprise one or multiple pieces. Also known as duty.

The non-revenue time allocated for a vehicle's movement from its last scheduled terminus or stop to the garage. This is sometimes referred to as deadhead time, turn-in time, or run-off time.

The non-revenue time assigned for moving a revenue vehicle from the garage to its first scheduled terminus or stop. This is sometimes referred to as deadhead time or run-on time.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

The time allocated for a revenue vehicle to travel over a route, typically measured on a segment-by-segment basis and varying by time of day. Also known as running time.

The recurring process in which operators choose or are assigned work for a new schedule period, usually in seniority order and under labor-agreement rules.

The recurring process in which operators choose or are assigned work for a new schedule period, usually in seniority order and under labor-agreement rules.

The time allocated for a revenue vehicle to travel over a route, typically measured on a segment-by-segment basis and varying by time of day. Also known as running time.

An internal transit agency document showing scheduled revenue trips through time points and often including route descriptions, block numbers, run numbers, deadhead times, interlines, and related operating details.

Schedule adherence measures how closely transit service matches its published schedule. Also known as on-time performance, this metric is expressed as a percentage, with higher values indicating better adherence. It is a key indicator of a transit system's effectiveness. For urban buses and rapid transit, en-route performance is crucial as most passengers board and alight along the route. In contrast, terminal performance is more relevant for commuter rail or routes with high terminal demand.

The total square miles covered by an agency's operations, defined in accordance with ADA requirements.

The duration each day during which a route operates, expressed either in terms of hours per day or by specifying the time of the first and last trips. For example, if a route operates from 5:00 AM to 11:00 PM, its service span is 18 hours. This span can vary by day of the week, such as weekdays, Saturdays, or Sundays. It is also known as service day.

The duration each day during which a route operates, expressed either in terms of hours per day or by specifying the time of the first and last trips. For example, if a route operates from 5:00 AM to 11:00 PM, its service span is 18 hours. This span can vary by day of the week, such as weekdays, Saturdays, or Sundays. It is also known as service day.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

The process of creating and assigning weekly work schedules for transit operators. This includes selecting work assignments for regular runs, extra board positions, or specific shifts for the upcoming schedule. In agency-developed rostering, daily shifts are pre-packaged into weekly schedules from which operators select during the sign-up period. In cafeteria-style rostering, operators choose their own shifts and days off from a master list to create a personalized schedule. This process is also known by terms such as pick, bid, booking, mark-up, sign-up, line-up, or shake-up.

The beginning or ending point of a route. Also known as terminus, start of line, or end of line.

A facility where revenue vehicles are stored, maintained, and serviced, and where operators report for their assignments. Vehicles are dispatched and recovered here for scheduled service. This facility is also known as a barn, base, depot, district, division, station, or yard.

The gap between pieces of work in a split run, often unpaid unless an agency policy or labor agreement treats it otherwise.

An accurate count of passengers arriving at, boarding, alighting, or passing through one or more points on a route. This count can be performed by riding the route or at specific locations. Passenger checks are used for route planning, monitoring, and data collection on passenger usage to determine appropriate headways, evaluate route alignment, meet FTA reporting requirements, and calibrate revenue-based ridership models. Also known as a tally, ride check, or point check.

A multi-year plan outlining a transit agency's vision for public transportation. It includes an assessment of transit needs in the study area and a staged implementation program to set priorities. The plan serves as a ten-year strategic framework for developing and enhancing a clean, safe, convenient, and reliable transit system. It evaluates the current transit system, identifies needs for service and capital improvements, and provides a financial plan based on available funding.

The beginning or ending point of a route. Also known as terminus, start of line, or end of line.

The beginning or ending point of a route. Also known as terminus, start of line, or end of line.

The practice of using the same transit vehicle and/or operator to serve more than one route without returning to the garage. This method is often implemented at common terminals or where two or more routes share a common endpoint or are in close proximity. Interlining can improve operating efficiency and enhance passenger transfers. By minimizing vehicle requirements and reducing the need for transfers, interlining can enhance overall service performance. It is also referred to as through routes, interlock routes, or interlocking.

A timed transfer is a point or location where two or more routes synchronize their schedules to provide seamless connections. A short layover may be included at the timed transfer point to enhance the connection. It is also known as pulse transfer or positive transfer.

A vehicle inserted or positioned to fill a service gap, maintain spacing, or cover service when a scheduled trip is missing, delayed, overloaded, or otherwise disrupted.

A development pattern that concentrates housing, jobs, services, and walking connections around transit so more daily trips can be made without relying entirely on a car.

All vehicle miles operated, including revenue miles, deadhead miles, and yard or maintenance movement.

The master schedule for a route that includes all scheduled time points, arrival and departure times, block numbers, and other relevant information. It is used to prepare individual schedules for each unique block and may display more time points than those shown on public timetables. The headway sheet is also made up for each run, listing all work pieces and any special notations for the operator. It is also known as a recap, rotation, master schedule, paddle, paddle board, run card, run guide, or train card.

A designated location where passengers transfer between different routes or vehicles. It is also known as a hub or transit center.

A development strategy that creates vibrant, walkable communities centered around public transit systems. This approach often involves higher density and reduced parking compared to surrounding areas, aiming to decrease car dependency and enhance sustainability. It focuses on mixed-use spaces and high-quality transit access, contributing to a more convenient and sustainable lifestyle.

A development pattern that concentrates housing, jobs, services, and walking connections around transit so more daily trips can be made without relying entirely on a car.

A designated location where passengers transfer between different routes or vehicles. It is also known as a hub or transit center.

A multi-year plan outlining a transit agency's vision for public transportation. It includes an assessment of transit needs in the study area and a staged implementation program to set priorities. The plan serves as a ten-year strategic framework for developing and enhancing a clean, safe, convenient, and reliable transit system. It evaluates the current transit system, identifies needs for service and capital improvements, and provides a financial plan based on available funding.

A multi-year plan outlining a transit agency's vision for public transportation. It includes an assessment of transit needs in the study area and a staged implementation program to set priorities. The plan serves as a ten-year strategic framework for developing and enhancing a clean, safe, convenient, and reliable transit system. It evaluates the current transit system, identifies needs for service and capital improvements, and provides a financial plan based on available funding.

Time allowed for an operator to travel between a garage, terminal, or remote relief point as part of a work assignment.

Time allowed for an operator to travel between a garage, terminal, or remote relief point as part of a work assignment.

A linked passenger trip refers to a one-way journey from origin to destination on the transit system, including any transfers made. It is counted as a single trip, regardless of the number of vehicles used. Also known as a trip, one-way trip, or journey.

Paid time at the end of an operator assignment for completing closeout tasks such as returning fare media, transfers, reports, or supplies.

The non-revenue time allocated for a vehicle's movement from its last scheduled terminus or stop to the garage. This is sometimes referred to as deadhead time, turn-in time, or run-off time.

The total number of passengers who board public transit vehicles, counted each time a passenger boards a revenue vehicle, even if it is the result of a transfer from another route to complete the same one-way journey. This measure, which is often used interchangeably with ridership, reflects the number of rides taken by people using a public transportation system within a given time period. It is also known as passengers, passenger trips, and boardings.

A series of trips assigned to a single vehicle, encompassing the entire period from when the vehicle departs the garage to when it returns. A complete block includes a pull-out trip from the garage, one or more revenue trips, and a pull-in trip back to the garage. This term can also refer to a single vehicle's daily schedule of trips.

The total hours of travel by a vehicle, including both revenue service and non-revenue travel. Also known as bus hours for buses and passenger car hours for rail.

The total distance traveled by a vehicle, including both revenue service and non-revenue travel. Also known as bus miles for buses and passenger car miles for rail.

The total hours that vehicles are scheduled to or actually travel while in revenue service. This includes layover or recovery time. It excludes deadhead time, operator training, vehicle maintenance testing, and other non-revenue uses of vehicles.

The distance that vehicles are scheduled to or actually travel while in revenue service. This measure includes layover or recovery time. It excludes deadhead miles, operator training, vehicle maintenance testing, and other non-revenue uses of vehicles.

The number of revenue vehicles available to meet the annual maximum service requirement includes operational vehicles, spares, out-of-service vehicles, and those in or awaiting maintenance. It excludes vehicles awaiting sale and emergency contingency vehicles.

The number of revenue vehicles operated to meet the annual maximum service requirement during the peak season, week, and day. It excludes atypical days and one-time special events.

The operation of a transit vehicle traveling between two designated points, encompassing all movements while in service, including passenger and non-passenger segments. Each journey is defined by its start and endpoint, typically involving a series of stops for passenger boarding or alighting along a predetermined route. For the journey of a passenger, see unlinked passenger trip.

A roster of bus operators assigned to cover vacant runs and other work on a daily or weekly basis. Operators on the extra board may choose assignments during a sign-up period or be assigned as needed if no regular runs are available. This group is also referred to as the board, x-board, extra list, or, if an operator covers a run for an extended period due to a long-term absence, it may lead to a holddown.

A facility where revenue vehicles are stored, maintained, and serviced, and where operators report for their assignments. Vehicles are dispatched and recovered here for scheduled service. This facility is also known as a barn, base, depot, district, division, station, or yard.